西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：國產在線精品一區二區在線看:tianyushuye.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是國產在線精品一區二區在線看:西安鍛(duan)銅雕塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一、銅的物理化學性質及其(qi)分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)人類發現最早而(er)且(qie)又(you)是(shi)(shi)常被應(ying)(ying)用(yong)得得心(xin)應(ying)(ying)手的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)化學符號是(shi)(shi)Cu、原(yuan)(yuan)子序數(shu)是(shi)(shi)29、原(yuan)(yuan)子量是(shi)(shi)63.546，色(se)澤(ze)(ze)呈玫瑰紅(hong)(hong)色(se)，比(bi)重是(shi)(shi)8.94，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)點是(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點：2582℃，抗拉強(qiang)度(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)質地軟而(er)韌，其(qi)(qi)延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)，易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)工(gong)，導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及導熱(re)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)優(you)良(liang)，良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋(xuan)光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氧化，尤(you)其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)加(jia)熱(re)更易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氧化，不能做防護性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)(du)層，會和空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)生成褐色(se)硫化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)二氧化碳(tan)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)形成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會和空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)氯形成氯化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層具(ju)有良(liang)好(hao)均(jun)勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)旋(xuan)光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所(suo)(suo)以可(ke)(ke)做其(qi)(qi)它(ta)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)金(jin)屬之底(di)鍍(du)(du)鍍(du)(du)層。鍍(du)(du)層可(ke)(ke)做為防止滲碳(tan)氮化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯(wei)一可(ke)(ke)實用(yong)于(yu)鋅鑄件電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)打底(di)用(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)來源(yuan)充(chong)足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)控(kong)制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)量僅次于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)(ke)分為紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟而(er)熔(rong)點低(di)，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)。所(suo)(suo)以鍛(duan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝絕大部分是(shi)(shi)指紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言(yan)。紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟富延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)能很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)表現作(zuo)(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)(zuo)意圖，且(qie)色(se)澤(ze)(ze)渾厚(hou)、穩(wen)重，可(ke)(ke)和各種(zhong)裝飾(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)、各種(zhong)環(huan)境配合，既(ji)可(ke)(ke)制作(zuo)(zuo)大型(xing)壁畫(hua)、雕(diao)(diao)塑，又(you)可(ke)(ke)做靈活的(de)(de)(de)局部點綴(zhui)裝飾(shi)。所(suo)(suo)以這種(zhong)工(gong)藝受到很多藝術家的(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)愛，成為許多壁畫(hua)、雕(diao)(diao)塑工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)金(jin)屬錫冶煉(lian)而(er)成的(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀較硬，相(xiang)對延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，板(ban)材(cai)(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)變形，所(suo)(suo)以一般只適于(yu)制作(zuo)(zuo)一些折(zhe)皺(zhou)少、大塊(kuai)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)里加(jia)入(ru)了50％的(de)(de)(de)錫等材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)后熔(rong)化成為青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)硬度(du)要比(bi)原(yuan)(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)熔(rong)點卻由原(yuan)(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)1083℃下(xia)降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)，有一定(ding)準(zhun)確度(du)，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，并有一種(zhong)華(hua)貴、古(gu)雅、莊重的(de)(de)(de)色(se)彩。
二、國產在線精品一區二區在線看:西安(an)鍛銅浮(fu)雕(diao)的加工工藝
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)經過(guo)不同的加工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術和工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝程序，會(hui)產(chan)生不同的視覺美(mei)感和觸覺美(mei)感。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)的藝術之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)是(shi)集材(cai)質之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)和藝術之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)三者綜(zong)合的結(jie)晶(jing)。因此(ci)，學(xue)習和研究(jiu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)需要(yao)(yao)從(cong)這三者入手(shou)，即使是(shi)藝術欣賞也(ye)是(shi)需要(yao)(yao)這三方(fang)(fang)面來進行，如(ru)果只是(shi)從(cong)一個方(fang)(fang)面就(jiu)很難了解和把(ba)握銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)藝術的真諦和豐富(fu)的內(nei)涵。由于(yu)不同種類的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)料和不同造型(xing)(xing)、結(jie)構(gou)的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)對加工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的要(yao)(yao)求也(ye)不同。所以(yi)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和制(zhi)作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)法主要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)鑄造、鍛造、焊接、鉚接、切割等(deng)五大加工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，而且在裝飾工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝方(fang)(fang)面還(huan)主要(yao)(yao)有(you)鑲嵌、雕金、鍍金和鍍銀三大類。
（一）鑄造工藝
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造工藝(yi)是銅(tong)雕塑(su)(su)的最古老的成型(xing)工藝(yi)之一，它的加工方法是首先要用黏(nian)土或者(zhe)其它可塑(su)(su)材料做出原型(xing)，然后(hou)再翻(fan)成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造模型(xing)，之后(hou)進(jin)行澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造模型(xing)材料的不同，主(zhu)要分為(wei)陶范(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造、金屬范(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造和失蠟(la)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造（也稱(cheng)翻(fan)沙(sha)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造）。
1、陶范鑄(zhu)造
它是我(wo)國最古老的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)技術之(zhi)一(yi)，我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)祖先早在商代(dai)就熟(shu)練地(di)掌握了(le)(le)這種工(gong)藝，并(bing)用此工(gong)藝制(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝術珍品，成(cheng)(cheng)就了(le)(le)享譽世界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)文化。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)鑄(zhu)造(zao)方法首先是制(zhi)范(fan)，“范(fan)”是指用于鑄(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)子，制(zhi)作(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)要(yao)(yao)精選(xuan)細黏土敷(fu)在模(mo)型(xing)(xing)上，待半干(gan)時分塊取(qu)下陰干(gan)，干(gan)透(tou)的(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)再經焙燒成(cheng)(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)①。這就形成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)外范(fan)，外范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分片多少視(shi)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)復雜(za)(za)程(cheng)度而定(ding)。如果要(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)中空(kong)的(de)(de)(de)雕塑或器物，在做(zuo)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)外范(fan)后(hou)還(huan)要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)內(nei)范(fan)，外范(fan)與內(nei)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間距(ju)離就是澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)厚度。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)上部要(yao)(yao)預先做(zuo)好(hao)澆(jiao)注(zhu)口和出氣孔。最后(hou)把內(nei)、外范(fan)合起(qi)來(lai)，并(bing)敷(fu)上泥層(ceng)進行加(jia)固(gu)。做(zuo)好(hao)上述工(gong)作(zuo)，即可(ke)以(yi)熔銅(tong)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)了(le)(le)。對(dui)于造(zao)型(xing)(xing)復雜(za)(za)的(de)(de)(de)雕塑，陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)鑄(zhu)造(zao)往往無法一(yi)次成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，因此需要(yao)(yao)采用分鑄(zhu)法。比如全身人像雕塑，我(wo)們將(jiang)(jiang)其頭與身體、四(si)肢(zhi)分別制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)，先將(jiang)(jiang)四(si)肢(zhi)鑄(zhu)好(hao)暫不拿出，再與軀干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)對(dui)接起(qi)來(lai)，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)軀干(gan)時四(si)肢(zhi)便與軀干(gan)鑄(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)體了(le)(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營國產在線精品一區二區在線看:鍛銅雕塑定制(zhi),浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一、銅的物理化學性質及其(qi)分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)人類發現最早而(er)且(qie)又(you)是(shi)(shi)常被應(ying)(ying)用(yong)得得心(xin)應(ying)(ying)手的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)化學符號是(shi)(shi)Cu、原(yuan)(yuan)子序數(shu)是(shi)(shi)29、原(yuan)(yuan)子量是(shi)(shi)63.546，色(se)澤(ze)(ze)呈玫瑰紅(hong)(hong)色(se)，比(bi)重是(shi)(shi)8.94，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)點是(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點：2582℃，抗拉強(qiang)度(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)質地軟而(er)韌，其(qi)(qi)延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)，易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)工(gong)，導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及導熱(re)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)優(you)良(liang)，良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋(xuan)光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氧化，尤(you)其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)加(jia)熱(re)更易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氧化，不能做防護性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)(du)層，會和空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)生成褐色(se)硫化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)二氧化碳(tan)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)形成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會和空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)氯形成氯化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層具(ju)有良(liang)好(hao)均(jun)勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)旋(xuan)光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所(suo)(suo)以可(ke)(ke)做其(qi)(qi)它(ta)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)金(jin)屬之底(di)鍍(du)(du)鍍(du)(du)層。鍍(du)(du)層可(ke)(ke)做為防止滲碳(tan)氮化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯(wei)一可(ke)(ke)實用(yong)于(yu)鋅鑄件電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)打底(di)用(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)來源(yuan)充(chong)足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)控(kong)制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)量僅次于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)(ke)分為紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟而(er)熔(rong)點低(di)，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)。所(suo)(suo)以鍛(duan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝絕大部分是(shi)(shi)指紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言(yan)。紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟富延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)能很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)表現作(zuo)(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)(zuo)意圖，且(qie)色(se)澤(ze)(ze)渾厚(hou)、穩(wen)重，可(ke)(ke)和各種(zhong)裝飾(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)、各種(zhong)環(huan)境配合，既(ji)可(ke)(ke)制作(zuo)(zuo)大型(xing)壁畫(hua)、雕(diao)(diao)塑，又(you)可(ke)(ke)做靈活的(de)(de)(de)局部點綴(zhui)裝飾(shi)。所(suo)(suo)以這種(zhong)工(gong)藝受到很多藝術家的(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)愛，成為許多壁畫(hua)、雕(diao)(diao)塑工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)金(jin)屬錫冶煉(lian)而(er)成的(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀較硬，相(xiang)對延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，板(ban)材(cai)(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)變形，所(suo)(suo)以一般只適于(yu)制作(zuo)(zuo)一些折(zhe)皺(zhou)少、大塊(kuai)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)里加(jia)入(ru)了50％的(de)(de)(de)錫等材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)后熔(rong)化成為青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)硬度(du)要比(bi)原(yuan)(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)熔(rong)點卻由原(yuan)(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)1083℃下(xia)降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)，有一定(ding)準(zhun)確度(du)，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，并有一種(zhong)華(hua)貴、古(gu)雅、莊重的(de)(de)(de)色(se)彩。
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)經過(guo)不同的加工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術和工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝程序，會(hui)產(chan)生不同的視覺美(mei)感和觸覺美(mei)感。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)的藝術之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)是(shi)集材(cai)質之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)和藝術之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)三者綜(zong)合的結(jie)晶(jing)。因此(ci)，學(xue)習和研究(jiu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)需要(yao)(yao)從(cong)這三者入手(shou)，即使是(shi)藝術欣賞也(ye)是(shi)需要(yao)(yao)這三方(fang)(fang)面來進行，如(ru)果只是(shi)從(cong)一個方(fang)(fang)面就(jiu)很難了解和把(ba)握銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)藝術的真諦和豐富(fu)的內(nei)涵。由于(yu)不同種類的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)料和不同造型(xing)(xing)、結(jie)構(gou)的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)對加工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的要(yao)(yao)求也(ye)不同。所以(yi)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和制(zhi)作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)法主要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)鑄造、鍛造、焊接、鉚接、切割等(deng)五大加工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，而且在裝飾工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝方(fang)(fang)面還(huan)主要(yao)(yao)有(you)鑲嵌、雕金、鍍金和鍍銀三大類。
（一）鑄造工藝
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造工藝(yi)是銅(tong)雕塑(su)(su)的最古老的成型(xing)工藝(yi)之一，它的加工方法是首先要用黏(nian)土或者(zhe)其它可塑(su)(su)材料做出原型(xing)，然后(hou)再翻(fan)成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造模型(xing)，之后(hou)進(jin)行澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造模型(xing)材料的不同，主(zhu)要分為(wei)陶范(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造、金屬范(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造和失蠟(la)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造（也稱(cheng)翻(fan)沙(sha)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造）。
1、陶范鑄(zhu)造
它是我(wo)國最古老的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)技術之(zhi)一(yi)，我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)祖先早在商代(dai)就熟(shu)練地(di)掌握了(le)(le)這種工(gong)藝，并(bing)用此工(gong)藝制(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝術珍品，成(cheng)(cheng)就了(le)(le)享譽世界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)文化。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)鑄(zhu)造(zao)方法首先是制(zhi)范(fan)，“范(fan)”是指用于鑄(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)子，制(zhi)作(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)要(yao)(yao)精選(xuan)細黏土敷(fu)在模(mo)型(xing)(xing)上，待半干(gan)時分塊取(qu)下陰干(gan)，干(gan)透(tou)的(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)再經焙燒成(cheng)(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)①。這就形成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)外范(fan)，外范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分片多少視(shi)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)復雜(za)(za)程(cheng)度而定(ding)。如果要(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)中空(kong)的(de)(de)(de)雕塑或器物，在做(zuo)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)外范(fan)后(hou)還(huan)要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)內(nei)范(fan)，外范(fan)與內(nei)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間距(ju)離就是澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)厚度。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)上部要(yao)(yao)預先做(zuo)好(hao)澆(jiao)注(zhu)口和出氣孔。最后(hou)把內(nei)、外范(fan)合起(qi)來(lai)，并(bing)敷(fu)上泥層(ceng)進行加(jia)固(gu)。做(zuo)好(hao)上述工(gong)作(zuo)，即可(ke)以(yi)熔銅(tong)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)了(le)(le)。對(dui)于造(zao)型(xing)(xing)復雜(za)(za)的(de)(de)(de)雕塑，陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)鑄(zhu)造(zao)往往無法一(yi)次成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，因此需要(yao)(yao)采用分鑄(zhu)法。比如全身人像雕塑，我(wo)們將(jiang)(jiang)其頭與身體、四(si)肢(zhi)分別制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)，先將(jiang)(jiang)四(si)肢(zhi)鑄(zhu)好(hao)暫不拿出，再與軀干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)對(dui)接起(qi)來(lai)，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)軀干(gan)時四(si)肢(zhi)便與軀干(gan)鑄(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)體了(le)(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營國產在線精品一區二區在線看:鍛銅雕塑定制(zhi),浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
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